Tuesday, February 27, 2007
Random thoughts from chemsics siao liao
Hi everyone. I will be posting randomly. Please bear with me, even if i have mistakes
K>Na>Ca>Mg>C>Zn>H>Fe>Cu>Ag
K reacts in cold water explosively give KOH + H2. Enough heat is produced to cause hydrogen to burn in a lilac flame.
Na reacts very violently in cold water to give NaOH + H2. Hydrogen gas liberated might catch fire.
Ca reacts readily in cold water to give CaOH+H2.
Mg reacts very slowly in cold water. It takes about a week to collect a test tube of hydrogen gas.
Fe, Zn, Ag, Cu do not react in cold water.
Hot Mg reacts very violently in steam to give you MgO and H2 and a bright white glow is produced during the reaction.
Hot Zn burns in steam to give you ZnO + H2. Hot = yellow, Cold = white.
The coke in the blast furnace, C reacts with O2 in the blast furnace to give you carbon dioxide.
Limestone calcium carbonate CaCO3 also decomposes under extreme heat to give you CaO + C02.
Then the carbon dioxide flows up the BF and reacts with more carbon to give you 2CO carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide then reacts with haematite Fe2O3. Fe203 + 3CO -> 2FE +3CO2.
2Fe flows down in BF in its molten state.
After that CaO + SiO2 -> CaSiO3. Slack is lighter than the iron(l) and floats on top.
Oxidation
increase in oxygen, removal of hydrogen, losing of elections, increase in OS.
Reduction
decrease in O, increase of H, gain electron, decrease OS.
Fe = 0
Fe2+ = +2
FeO-1. x -2 = -1, -2 + 1 = x , x=-1.
Then QA. Cation.
Al3+ reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to give you Al(OH)3 . white ppt. dissolves in excess. white ppt with NH3, insoluble in excess.
Ca2+ reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to give Ca(OH)2. white ppt, insoluble in excess. No reaction with NH3.
Cu2+ reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to give you Cu(OH)2. blue ppt, insoluble in excess. blue ppt, soluble in excess with NH3 and turns dark blue.
Fe2+ reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to give you iron(II)hydroxide. dirty-green ppt produces. turns brown slowly in air, insoluble in excess. dirty-green ppt for NH3,insoluble in excess.
Fe3+ reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to give ~. reddish-brown ppt, insoluble in excess.same with 3
Pb2+ reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to give ~. white ppt, soluble in excess to give colourless solution. For NH3, white ppt, insoluble in ecess.
Zn2+ reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to give ~. white ppt, soluble in excess to give colourless solution, same for NH3.
NH3. no reaction, when burnt, ammonia gas liberated turns damp red litmus blue. no reaction with its same species. too bad.
Anions.
NO3- add dilute sodium hydroxide solution. Add piece of aluminium foil. Warm the mixture, gas liberated turns damp red litmus blue. thus ammonia gas liberated.
CO32-. add dilute hydrochloric acid. pass carbon dioxide through the solution. efferversence is observed. white ppt formed with caCO3. carbon dioxide liberated.
Cl2- add dilute nitric acid. add silver nitrade solution. white ppt observed. silver chloride solution produced. add lead(II)nitrate. white ppt. lead(II)chloride produced.
I- add dilute nitric acid. add silver nitrate solution. yellow ppt, silver iodide formed. add lead(II) nitrate. yellow ppt formed. lead (II) iodide formed.
SO42-. add dilute HCl. add barium chloride solution. barium sulphate solution formed. white ppt.
anyway. potassium (IV) dichromate solution is orange -> green. potassium manganate(VII) purple -> colourless.
to test for Sulphur dioxide (pungent colourless). soak filter paper with acidified potassium (IV) dichromate. turns orange -> green = sulphur dioxide.
H2 gives a pop sound. lighted splint extinguishes.
CO2 , bubble through limewater, white ptt.
Oxygen allows glowing splint to relight.
chlorine (greenish-yellow. pungent). turned blue litmus red.
ammonia turns red litmus blue. pungent colourless.
work done = force x distance.
power = work over time
force = mg for above (x2)'s case.
1/2mv2 massxvelocity 2= kinetic = mgh = gravitational potential energy. mass x 10ms2- x height.
pressure = force over area.
pressure = hpg = height x density x 10ms2-
p1v1=p2v2
sum of anti clockwise = sum of clockwise blabla
stable equlibrium, COG blabla
~omg.
e7ALMIGHTY cheered!12:21 AM
Sunday, February 25, 2007
Military Deterrence
For diplomacy to be effective, there must be military deterrence. Quoted from "diplomacy siao liao".A Citizen Armed Force
Yes, a citizen armed force. You got a problem with my armed force?My arm force big cannot? While Singapore has friends, it cannot totally depend on external help, it must have its own military forces to defend itself you know? After independence, Singapore had too small of a population to create a large professional force, moreover Singapore was poor and could not afford one! So Singapore decided to make a citizen armed force. YES. A bloody Citizen Armed Force. Could you believe it? Torturing its poor males for the sake of the whole. Actually, its a good idea, but can you believe it? Actually i
can. But. Still?!!. Anyway, National Service was introduced and all 18-year old males had to take part in it. Through NS, Singapore has learnt how to defend its country and men who undergo NS saw their training as a good way to bond with one another. They also developed a sense of loyalty,patriotism and a shared destiny.Men who have completed NS still have to attend refresher training to maintain their competence in handling new weapons and equipment, and to learn new tactics of war. This ensures that they are always ready to defend Singapore at all times.Through NS, Singapore has been able to produce an effective SAF, RSAF,RSN.Later on, Total Defence also became part of the defence policy.
Total Defence
The readiness to defend its independence and survival is vital to any independent country.Through total defence, the whole population, not just the armed forces, has a part to play in ensuring Singapore's security. SG seeks to deter potential agressors by showing that all Singaporeans are prepared for defence in all areas. Any potential enemy who wants to take on Singapore would not only have to fight the SAF, but all Singaporeans. This would make enemies think twice before attacking Singapore as the fight would hopefully be a costful one.
Singapore's Defence Industry
In the early years of building its armed forces, Singapore faced a shortage of equipment and weapons. It also had to wait a long time before its weapons arrive. When the military equipments and weapons arrived , many were not suitable for Singapore's needs. There was a need to thus design its own weapons and military equipment for Singapore to fight efficiently and effectively. Therefore, Singapore had its own defence industry.Another reason is that sometimes, other countries do not want to share their defence technology as well.Get it?????!
Military co-operation
Singapore actively fosters friendly ties with other armed forces of other countries. The shortage of training grounds in Singapore has made it necessary to make training arrangements with friendly countries. Singapore also participates in many bilateral and multilateral defence exercises. Such exercises involve training and interacting with the armed forces of the participating countries and thus military co-operation is needed.
Bilateral Defence Exercises and Training
As said early, Singapore participates in bilateral exercises conducted with armed forces of some of the ASEAN countries like Australia. This exercises strengthens the ties and co-operation between these countries. For example, Australia has allowed the RSAF to use its training ground for 15 years as Singapore's has a shortage of training ground.
Multilateral Defence Excercises
Singapore also participates in many multilateral defence exercises.An example would be the Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) exercises. The FPDA's aim is to perserve peace in the region. In the event of an external thread to Singapore or Malaysia, both countries would consult one another on the appropiate measures to be taken.
~Military Deterrence siao liao
e7ALMIGHTY cheered!8:42 PM
Diplomacy
Bilateral Relations
When a country establishes diplomatic relations with another country, that is called bilateral relations. Both countries would send their diplomats to the other country. Sometimes treaties are signed by each country. These agreements for example, can cover trade.Disagreements are discussed and settled peacefully in bilateral relations. Relations can be also strengthened when leaders from both countries visit one another. Since independence, Singapore has established many bilateral relations. Singapore believes that its interests can be promoted through bilateral ties. Some benefits of bilateral relations are new job opportunities with China, transfer of technology and skills from Germany,exchanged of cultural ties with Malaysia.Singapore is also willing to help its friends in need. For example, Singapore has sent doctors, teachers and nurses to developing countries such as Vietnam and Nepal. Singapore's bilateral relations has allowed it to thus gain world recognition.
Regional Relations
Sometimes, countries in the same region get together to form associations.By combining the strengths of each member country, the association becomes stronger. Thus, the association is in a better position when it deals with other countries or assocation. An example would be ASEAN( association of southeast asian countries).ASEAN was formed by 5 southeast asian leaders. Its first aim is to promote economic, social and cuturual development in the region.The ASEAN counties co-operated with one another to improve their economies.ASEAN has also established ties with other countries or associations.For example, Japan heavily invested in ASEAN countries.These countries benefited from the transfer of technology from Japan.A commitee was also set up to promote greater understanding and appreciation of culture and the heritage of its members.ASEAN's second aim was to promote peace and stability in the region.For example, when a civil war broke out in Cambodia, fighting groups where supported by countries outside ASEAN. ASEAN and United Nations persuaded the groups to stop fighting and to form a new democratic government. Sometimes, differences over matters such as fishing rights occur. ASEAN's third and last aim is to provide opportunites to member countries to discuss and resolve these differences peacefully.An example would be the territorial dispute between Malaysia and Singapore over Preda Branca.The countries involved in disagreements would often solve the problems by negotiating or meetings. However, sometimes, both countries cannot come to a conclusion and thus seek help from international associations such as the United Nations International Court of Justice (ICJ).
International Relations
International relations involves ties among countries and groupings in the world. The UN plays an important role in international relations as its it serves the need of all of the countries in the world. Its role is to preserve world peace and first started with 51 country members. Providing help to countries in need. The UN provides help to countries facing immediete problems such as an earthquake. It sends food and medical aid to the countries. Giving a voice to every member country. Member countries are given an opportunity to vote on any decision that may affect them. They are also given a chance to voice their grievances.Safeguarding peace and stability.The peacekeeping forces are made out of officers from member countries. Consent from the UN and the countries involved in the conflict must be given before peacekeeping forces can be sent to the area in trouble. The main task of a peacekeeping force is to ensure that parties involved in an armed conflict observe peace by keeping them apart, preventing them from fighting. Peacekeepers are also not allowed to side with anyone of them.The UN security council maintains peace and security among member countries. For example, when a war breaks out, the security council may issue a stern warning to the aggressor, or may take military action or organize a boycott. The ICJ of the UN also helps settle disputes between member countries.
~ diplomacy siao liao
e7ALMIGHTY cheered!7:16 PM
